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Title: |
The Role of Nitric Oxide in Migraine, Tension-Type Headache and Cluster Headache |
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The most important primary headaches (ie, independent disorders that are not caused
by another disease) are migraine, tension-type headaches and cluster headache. All primary
headaches are in need of better treatments. Migraine has a prevalence of 10% in the general
population and its societal costs are high. Although the precise mechanisms underlying the
pathophysiology of migraine are still elusive, the last decades have witnessed some progress
(eg, involvement of serotonin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, nitric oxide, etc.) Nitric
oxide (NO) is a very important molecule in the regulation of cerebral and extra cerebral
cranial blood flow and arterial diameters. It is also involved in noniceptive processing.
Glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), a pro-drug for NO, causes headache in normal volunteers and a so
called delayed headache that fulfills criteria for migraine without aura in migraine sufferers.
Blockade of nitric oxide synthases (NOS) by L-NMMA effectively treats attacks of migraine
without aura. Similar results have been obtained for chronic tension-type headache and cluster
headache. Inhibition of the breakdown of eGMP also provokes migraine in sufferers, indicating
that eGMP is the effector of NO-induced migraine. Several relationships exist between NO,
calcitonin gene-related peptide and other molecules important in migraine. Also ion channels,
particularly the K(ATP) channels, are important for the action of NO. In conclusion, inhibition
of NO production or blockade of steps in the NO-eGMP pathway or scavenging of NO may be targets
for new drugs for treating migraine and other headaches. Indeed, selective n-NOS and i-NOS
inhibitors are already in early clinical development.
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